Avian Influenza

What is Avian Influenza?

Avian influenza, also known as ‘avian flu’ or ‘bird flu’, is a disease caused by influenza type A viruses (such as H5N1 or H7N9). These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds (like ducks and geese) and can also infect commercial or domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Sporadic transmission to humans may occur after close exposure to infected birds, infected animals, or contaminated environments, although human infections remain rare.

Early recognition of possible human cases depends on identifying compatible clinical illness (respiratory illness symptoms or conjunctivitis) with a relevant exposure history. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in patients presenting with acute respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, or severe pneumonia following recent occupational or environmental exposure to poultry, wild birds, or outbreak settings. The cornerstone of management is rapid clinical and epidemiologic assessment, prompt implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC), early laboratory investigation, supportive care and timely initiation of antiviral treatment.

Co-ordinated clinical and public health action should reflect a One Health approach that links human, animal, and environmental surveillance systems to reduce the risk of missed zoonotic transmission and strengthen preparedness for viruses with epidemic or pandemic potential.