Marburg virus disease (MVD) is caused by a filovirus named Marburg virus (MARV). It is a very rare disease which is transmitted from certain species of bats (and possible other animals) to a person after which person-to-person transmission is possible through close, direct contact with a person who has developed the signs and symptoms of the disease.
The disease was diagnosed in South Africa in a tourist and two hospital-based contact in 1975. Sporadic outbreaks of the disease has been reported in different African countries. Since September 2024, an outbreak of MVD has been reported in Rwanda, mostly involving health care workers.
The risk of spread of MVD internationally is considered low. The World Health Organization currently does not recommend travel or trade restrictions to Rwanda.
Facts about Marburg virus disease are available: https://www.nicd.ac.za/diseases-a-z-index/marburg/
Through human-to-human transmission by direct, and very close contact with blood or bodily fluids of infected persons and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids. Therefore during outbreaks, mostly health care workers and other care givers are affected.
The incubation period for MVD varies between two and 21 days (this is the time following exposure until the first signs and symptoms of the disease develops). The disease is marked by acute onset of generalized signs and symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, dehydration and rash. Patient often have very severe diarrhoea, Typically the disease develops quickly and patients require hospitalization.
Currently there are no registered vaccines or antiviral treatments approved for MVD. Patients with MVD are managed symptomatically and supportively. This includes rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids – and treatment of specific symptoms.
When MVD is suspected, the patient will be isolated in hospital to provide appropriate management and to prevent further spread of the infection.
Individuals that may have had contact with an MVD case will be traced and monitored to ensure that any additional cases of MVD can be rapidly detected and measures put in place to limit further spread. These individuals are not considered as suspected cases, but contacts unless signs and symptoms which may be compatible with diagnosis of MVD develops (within 21 days following last exposure).
Visit your healthcare provider and share your concerns. MVD can be investigated by laboratory testing which is performed at the NICD.
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